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{"id":905,"date":"2014-08-27T12:41:47","date_gmt":"2014-08-27T16:41:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.lawatthemargins.com\/?p=905"},"modified":"2014-08-30T13:17:43","modified_gmt":"2014-08-30T17:17:43","slug":"perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china\/","title":{"rendered":"Perspectives: Extending the Rule of Law to Industrial Interns in China"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"EVB\"<\/a>
Earl V. Brown, Jr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"KAd-2\"<\/a>
Kyle A. deCant<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

By Earl V. Brown, Jr. and Kyle A. deCant<\/strong><\/p>\n

Earl V. Brown, Jr. is the Labor and Employment Law Counsel at the AFL-CIO Solidarity Center, past Co-Chair of the ABA Labor Law Section’s Committee on International Labor and Employment Law, and a Fellow of the American College of Labor and Employment Law. <\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Kyle deCant is an associate (bar admission pending)\u00a0at Guerrieri, Clayman, Bartos & Parcelli, P.C., a union-side law firm in Washington, DC.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

As employers in the United States and around the world seek to avoid compliance with basic labor law standards by misclassifying young workers as interns, interns and their advocates are fighting back. These employers seek to drive down labor costs and increase their profit margin on the backs of young workers. However, the U.S. has long promulgated<\/a>\u00a0standards for determining when internships require just remuneration, and the Obama administration has recently stiffened enforcement<\/a>\u00a0of interns\u2019 rights. The European Union, too, has a charter<\/a>\u00a0laying out basic principles to encourage educational and practical internships, and the United Nations International Labor Organization\u2019s Human Resources Development Convention<\/a>\u00a0provides a framework in international law for proper vocational training. These measures are crucial to ensuring basic rule of law, and preventing internship exploitation from being the next front in a global race to the bottom.<\/p>\n

Internship exploitation is hardly a Western phenomenon\u2014it is also at the heart of labor unrest in the world\u2019s fastest growing economy. China has long been at the center of the global \u201crace to the bottom\u201d in wages, hours and working conditions. Persistent worker protests led China in 2008 to address these abuses in a wave of labor reform legislation. These laws, notably the 2008 Labor Contract Law<\/a>, aimed at eliminating exploitive practices such as the wholesale subcontracting of core work and endless temporary work contracts. These laws also enhanced penalties and remedies for employer abuses.<\/p>\n

In their quest for cheap labor, manufacturers such as Foxconn that works in China and is a supplier to global electronic companies such as Apple, Sony, and Toshiba, adopted two strategies to end run China\u2019s 2008 labor reforms. First, they ramped up the use of so-called \u201cdispatch,\u201d or subcontracted workers hired from agencies under temporary work arrangements, precluding these contingent workers from labor law protections afforded regular employees. Second, employers misclassified significant portions of their industrial and service workforce as \u201cstudent interns.\u201d Like dispatch workers, these \u201cstudent interns\u201d performed work identical to the employers\u2019 regular employees, but without full labor protections.<\/p>\n

Employers were using legal fictions to avoid paying their workers in compliance with Chinese law, and to deny them job security and safe working conditions. Last year, China took action to plug<\/a> the abuse of dispatch labor by restricting the time period for deploying agency dispatch workers, enhancing the rights of dispatch workers vis-\u00e0-vis dispatch agencies and banning wholesale subcontracting of core functions.<\/p>\n

However, Foxconn and other major Chinese employers are still undermining labor law protections by misclassifying large sections of the gigantic industrial and service sector workforce as \u201cinterns.\u201d They assert that these young workers are not covered by China\u2019s labor law reforms, although they in fact perform routine industrial and service labor at substandard wages for long hours without any compensating educational benefits. Indeed, a widely<\/a>\u00a0slammed<\/a> whitewash of Foxconn\u2019s labor practices by the Fair Labor Association, a corporate social responsibility outfit funded by multinationals, parroted<\/a> the claim that \u201cthe general protections of the labor law do not apply to interns, including the social security benefits that normal workers receive.\u201d Our analysis<\/a> of China\u2019s labor law framework challenges that assumption. A commonsense reading of the labor and educational statutes and regulations protects all interns who work without any educational benefit. Legal artifices such as the misclassification of these workers as \u201cinterns\u201d should not serve to deny this large group of workers access to the protections and remedies of labor law.<\/p>\n

About 8 million<\/a> industrial interns work on China\u2019s assembly lines each year. Foxconn alone exploits so many vocational students that it boasts perhaps the largest internship program in the world<\/a>, with as many as 430,000 interns in 2012\u2014one third of its entire workforce. The Ministry of Education even plans to boost vocational enrollment by 26% over the next six years, raising the number of vocational students from 29.4 to 38.3 million<\/a>\u2014opening up a vast potential pool of subminimum labor.<\/p>\n

Local governments coordinate with factories and the service sector to impose worker quotas on vocational schools. Vocational schools fill these quotas by shipping students to worksites to perform cheap labor under the guise of \u201cinternships\u201d that have zero educational or vocational value. Students are assigned to routine factory of service work regardless of their fields of study. They work excessive hours at less than legal standard wages. If injured or exposed to harmful chemicals at work, they are treated as outside labor law, and therefore are barred from the labor law remedies of mediation, arbitration and judicial relief.<\/p>\n

Vocational students often have no choice: if they turn down the assigned internships, they cannot graduate<\/a>. Without a certificate of graduation from their vocational institution, these students cannot effectively compete in the job market. Given that the International Labor Organization\u2019s Forced Labor Convention<\/a> defines forced labor as \u201call work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily,\u201d the coercive element of these internships renders them \u201cforced labor\u201d in violation of international law.<\/p>\n

Forced into assignments that leave them unskilled at graduation, these interns suffer long hours and abusive, \u201cmilitary-style\u201d discipline. Trapped in this exploitative work environment, the interns\u2019 mental health suffers. In response to a long series of worker suicides, Foxconn\u2019s response was to secure nets<\/a> outside the windows of worker dormitories, and to require interns to sign a document pledging not to commit suicide<\/a>. Hours remain<\/a>\u00a0brutal<\/a>, however, and Foxconn CEO Terry Gou still denies<\/a> that working conditions prompted his young workers to take their lives.<\/p>\n

In the meantime, the multinationals responsible for this exploitation cannot police themselves. When Apple attempted to deny its own responsibility in a Corporate Social Responsibility report earlier this year, activists dismissed those claims as \u201ccompletely absurd<\/a>.”\u00a0Further, independent scrutiny has found assurances of improvement to be unreliable<\/a>. Despite a 2013 report\u2019s claim that Foxconn has not been exploiting any interns at its factory in the city of Chengdu since September 2011, over 7,000 interns<\/a>\u00a0were toiling in the plant at that very time.<\/p>\n

There are growing calls<\/a> from inside China for plugging the intern loophole, as well as the beginnings of critical judicial scrutiny of these internships lacking in any educational benefits. More importantly, the interns themselves are striking for full legal labor rights on par with regular employees. When China ratified its labor reforms in 2008, it did so to calm the worker unrest that threatened to disrupt its rapid economic rise. These laws cover all industrial workers, including those who are misclassified as \u201cinterns\u201d and perform work without any educational benefit. Providing this basic rule of law to interns is crucial both to the young workers entitled to a decent education and to the stability of entire global supply chains that profit off of these interns.<\/p>\n

A copy of Brown and deCant\u2019s article about this issue, \u201cExploiting Chinese Interns as Unprotected Industrial Labor,\u201d is available <\/strong>here<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Earl V. Brown, Jr. and Kyle A. deCant Earl V. Brown, Jr. is the Labor and Employment Law Counsel at the AFL-CIO Solidarity Center, past Co-Chair of the ABA Labor Law Section’s Committee on International Labor and Employment Law, and a Fellow of the American College of Labor and Employment Law. \u00a0 Kyle deCant […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,6],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nPerspectives: Extending the Rule of Law to Industrial Interns in China - Law at the Margins<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Perspectives: Extending the Rule of Law to Industrial Interns in China - Law at the Margins\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Earl V. Brown, Jr. and Kyle A. deCant Earl V. Brown, Jr. is the Labor and Employment Law Counsel at the AFL-CIO Solidarity Center, past Co-Chair of the ABA Labor Law Section’s Committee on International Labor and Employment Law, and a Fellow of the American College of Labor and Employment Law. \u00a0 Kyle deCant […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Law at the Margins\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawAtTheMargins\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-08-27T16:41:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2014-08-30T17:17:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/staging.lawatthemargins.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/EVB-150x150.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Chaumtoli Huq\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@lawatthemargins\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@lawatthemargins\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Chaumtoli Huq\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Chaumtoli Huq\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/#\/schema\/person\/2fd3abe96db1817d0710b6ad91508331\"},\"headline\":\"Perspectives: Extending the Rule of Law to Industrial Interns in China\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-08-27T16:41:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-08-30T17:17:43+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china\/\"},\"wordCount\":1257,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/staging.lawatthemargins.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/EVB-150x150.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Human Rights and Democracy\",\"Law and Social Movements\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/perspectives-extending-the-rule-of-law-to-industrial-interns-in-china\/\",\"name\":\"Perspectives: Extending the Rule of Law to Industrial Interns in China - 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She has devoted her career to the public interest serving as Director of the first South Asian Workers\u2019 Rights Project in the country at the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund and as the first staff attorney to the New York Taxi Workers Alliance, a multi-ethnic, immigrant, worker-led labor organization of taxi-drivers. She has previously served as Director of Litigation at Manhattan Legal Services (including Harlem Legal Services), which provides free legal services to low-income New Yorkers on a wide range of legal issues, including housing, consumer rights, and employment. She is also a contributor to the anthology Voices of Resistance: Muslim Women on War, Faith and Sexuality (Sarah Husain, Editor; Seal Press 2006) and co-author of \u201cLaying the Groundwork for Post 9-11 Alliances: Reflections Ten Years Later on Desis Organizing,\u201d (Asian American Literary Review, Volume 2, Issue 1.5, Fall 2011).","url":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/author\/chuq\/"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/905"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=905"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/905\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":957,"href":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/905\/revisions\/957"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=905"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=905"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawatthemargins.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=905"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}